Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Amlodipine Besylate and Atenolol in Their Tablet Dosage Form

Three simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods are developed for simultaneous determination of amlodipine besylate (AM) and atenolol (AT) in tablets. The first method is dual wavelength spectrophotometry (DW). The second method is ratio subtraction (RS) which depends on subtraction of the plateau values from the ratio spectrum, coupled to first derivative of ratio spectra (1DD). The third method applies bivariate calibration method using 210 and 225 nm as an optimum pair of wavelength for amlodipine and atenolol. The calibration curves are linear over the concentration range of 4～40 μg·mL-1 for both drugs. The specificity of the developed methods is investigated by analyzing laboratory prepared mixtures of the two drugs and their combined dosage form. The two methods are validated as per ICH guidelines and can be applied for routine quality control testing.     

Crystallographic and first-principles density functional theory study on the structure,noncovalent interactions,and chemical reactivity of 1,5-benzodiazepin-2-ones derivatives

The present work arose out of a desire to fundamentally understand the molecular geometry, weak interactions, electron density delocalization, and chemical reactivity features of 1,5-benzodiazepines-containing family. Herein, a complete X-ray crystallographic study, supported by trustworthy sets of computational approaches, has been reported for two organic crystals. Quantifying intramolecular and intermolecular interactions by Hirshfeld-Becke surfaces analysis conjointly with noncovalent interaction-reduced density gradient topological study revealed that supramolecular assemblies are stabilized by N-H ^… O (inter) and O-H ^… N (intra) hydrogen bonds, Cg ^… Cg (π ^… π) and C-H(O) ^… π intercontacts, as well as Van der Waals interactions and steric effects. The long-range-corrected functional wB97XD, which uses Grimme's D2 dispersion model, seems to be just right for our systems. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules analysis confirms that both significant O1-H1…N1 and N2-H2A…O2 H-bonds are weak and electrostatic in nature. Furthermore, global reactivity indices computed via the conceptual density functional theory framework allows these molecules to be classified as moderate electrophiles and marginal nucleophiles. The active sites favorable for nucleophilic/electrophilic attacks were also predicted based on local Parr functions. Finally, a comparative evaluation on the aromaticity character and π-π stacking ability has been done for different (pseudo) rings.     

Synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of a new μ-hydroxo dinuclear cobalt complex containing one cis-β folded and one planar salen moiety

The reduction of [Co(III)(tmsalen)(py)₂]⁺ with NaBH₄/PdCl₂ and the successive oxidative addition of CH₂ClI, carried out in neutral methanolic solution and followed by the addition of NaOH, afford a new dinuclear complex. The molecular structure reveals that it is formed by an octahedral [Co(tmsalen)(py)(OH)] unit connected to a β-folded [Co(tmsalenCH₂)]⁺ fragment, in such a way that the latter metal completes the coordination sphere with the hydroxo group and a tmsalen oxygen from the former unit.     

Alternative cocrystallization of “almost” enantiomers and true enantiomers in some cis-β-organocobalt salen-type complexes with α-amino acids

The reaction of a chiral cis-β-organocobalt salen-type complex, 1, racemic mixture of Δ and Λ enantiomers, with enantiomerically pure l-histidine and a non-chiral monocationic cobalt complex, 3, resulted quite unexpectedly in the cocrystallization of diastereomers. Each diastereomer is a dicobalt monocationic complex, where four positions around one metal center are occupied by the tetradentate ligand in a cis fashion, the remaining two positions being occupied by l-histidinate. Histidinate further axially coordinates the other Co atom through the nitrogen of the imidazole residue. The two diastereomers are related by a quasi-symmetry center. In this case, the opposite helical chirality of the metal complex 1 prevails over the identical configuration of the asymmetric carbon in the crystallization process and the diastereomers behave as if they were enantiomers.The reaction of the same cobalt complexes 1 and 3 with dl-histidine led to the formation of two pairs of enantiomers, which crystallized separately as racemic compound. Therefore, in this case, the chirality of the asymmetric center is the property that allows the mutual selective recognition of the “true” enantiomers and drives their cocrystallization.     

Ordered nanostructures on a hydroxylated aluminum surface through the self-assembly of fatty acids

We investigate the mechanism of self-assembly of fatty acids (FA) and methyl oleate on an Al oxy-hydroxide surface with a view to deciphering the role and nature of interfacial processes (adsorption, chemical binding, molecular organization, etc.). For this purpose, we focus on parameters related to intrinsic properties of molecules, namely the level of unsaturation and the nature of the head group (carboxylic acid or ester). After the FA adsorption, the presence of coordinative bonded carboxylate species on the Al oxy-hydroxide surface is demonstrated by means of PM-IRRAS analysis. We observe that contact of methyl oleate with the surface leads to its chemical transformation through a saponification reaction. As a consequence, it binds to the surface in a manner similar to that for fatty acids. Through an innovative mode of atomic force microscopy (AFM), the organization of the adsorbed molecules is demonstrated. Our results reveal the existence of highly ordered nanostructures guided by the FA self-assembly. The size of these nanostructures was determined with accuracy, suggesting that it exceeds one FA monolayer. By contrast, no organization was observed with methyl oleate.     

Nitration of Halterman porphyrin: a new route for fine tuning chiral iron and manganese porphyrins with application in epoxidation and hydroxylation reactions using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant

A methodology is reported for the regioselective nitration of the phenyl groups of Halterman porphyrin, using NaNO₂. These nitro-porphyrins can be reduced to aminoporphyrins and then N-dimethylated to give new optically active porphyrins. Applications to the asymmetric epoxidation of styrene derivatives by H₂O₂ to give optically active epoxides (ee up to 60%) and hydroxylation of alkanes to give optically active secondary alcohols (ee up to 69%) were carried out in organic solvents (dichloromethane/methanol) using chiral iron and manganese porphyrins as catalysts.     

Formulation and testing of the FTn finite volume method for radiation in 3-D complex inhomogeneous participating media

In the present study, an original three-dimensional formulation of the FTn finite volume method based on the bounded high-resolution CLAM schema and using the blocked-off-region technique has been developed. Firstly, this model is applied for 3D inhomogeneous L-shaped absorbing/emitting and isotropically scattering media. Both isothermal medium and medium with internal uniform and non-uniform volumetric heat generation are considered. Secondly, the present FTn FVM results for 3D combustion chamber with five baffles are illustrated and discussed. All tests bring to the fore the advantages, in 3D problems, of the FTn FVM comparatively with the standard FVM especially for inhomogeneous media with discontinuous volumetric heat sources. However these benefits still quantitative and no qualitative discrepancy between the FTn FVM and the popular FVM results are registered.     

Selective Determination of Itraconazole in the Presence of Its Oxidative Degradation Product by A New Spectrophotometric Method

A simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric stability indicating method is developed for determination of itraconazole in the presence of its oxidative degradation product and in pharmaceutical formulations. A newly developed spectrophotometric method called ratio difference method by measuring the difference in amplitudes between 230 and 265 nm of ratio spectra. The calibration curve is linear over the concentration range of 5～25 μg·mL-1 with mean percentage recovery of 99.81±1.002. Selective quantification of itraconazole, singly in bulk form, pharmaceutical formulations and in the presence of its oxidative degradation product is demonstrated. The results have been statistically compared with a pharmacopeial method.